6 Steps to Successful EMR

Understand both the individual species and community ecology of the naturally occurring mangrove species at the site, paying particular attention to patterns of reproduction, distribution, and successful seedling establishment;
Understand the normal hydrology that controls the distribution and successful establishment and growth of targeted mangrove species;
Assess the modifications of the mangrove environment that occurred and that currently prevent natural secondary succession;
Select appropriate restoration areas through application of Steps 1-3, above, that are both likely to succeed in rehabilitating a forest ecosystem and are cost effective. Consider the available labor to carry out the projects, including adequate monitoring of their progress toward meeting quantitative goals established prior to restoration. This step includes resolving land ownership/use issues necessary for ensuring long-term access to and conservation of the site;
Design the restoration program at appropriate sites selected in Step 4, above, to restore the appropriate hydrology and utilize natural volunteer mangrove recruitment for natural plant establishment;
Utilize actual planting of propagules or seedlings only after determining through Steps 1-5, above, that natural recruitment will not provide the quantity of successfully established seedlings, rate of stabilization, or rate of growth as required for project success.

Impatience;
Planted areas appear to outsiders (not aware of the project) as intentional actions and provide a measure of protection, as it is obvious that there is human activity in the area;
Promotion of growth of “preferred” species, such as Rhizophora spp., over early colonizers such as Avicennia spp. or Sonneratia spp;
To encourage and ensure local community participation in restoration efforts, as direct involvement may inspire better stewardship and a keener sense of project ownership by local communities; and
To earn income, as some NGOs and government agencies specifically budget funds for planting mangroves regardless of actual need at given project sites.

Mangrove Action Project